Mixture processes | Vose Software

# Mixture processes

Sometimes a stochastic process can be a combination of two or more separate processes. For example, car accidents at some particular place and time could be considered to be a Poisson variable, but the mean number of accidents per unit time l may be a variable too. Perhaps the accident rate is dependent on the weather. Then the number of accidents in a particular period will be a mixture of a Poisson distribution and a distribution for l.

A mixture distribution can be written symbolically as follows:

where FA represents the base distribution and FB represents the mixing distribution, i.e. the distribution of Q. So, for example we might have:

which reads as "a Gamma mixture of Poisson distributions". l is Gamma distributed and the mixture distribution has two parameters, a and b. In fact, this distribution turns out to be a Negative Binomial (a, 1/(1+b)) distribution. This distribution is for example used in marketing and consumer behavior; think for example about consumers buying a certain product at a certain (Poisson) rate, and different people having different (Gamma distributed) underlying rates. However, we have even seen this flexible distribution applied to counts of fecal eggs of nematodes in cow feces!

There are a number of commonly used mixture distributions. For example:

which is the Beta-Binomial (n,a, b) distribution; and

where the Poisson distribution has parameter l = j .p, and p = Beta(a, b). [Though also used in biology, this should not be confused with the Beta-Poisson dose-response model].

The cumulative distribution function for a mixture distribution with parameters qi is given by:

E[F(X|q1, q2, ..., qm)]

where the expectation is with respect to the parameters that are random variables. Thus, the functional form of mixture distributions can quickly become extremely complicated or even intractable. However, Monte Carlo simulation allows us to very simply include mixture distributions in our model, because ModelRisk generates samples for each iteration in the correct logical sequence. So, for example, a Beta-Binomial(n, a, b) distribution is easily generated by writing: = Binomial(n, Beta(a, b)). In each iteration, the software generates a value first from the Beta distribution, then creates the appropriate Binomial distribution using this value of p, and finally samples from that Binomial distribution.